| Developer(s) | Ken Silverman |
|---|---|
| Type | Game engine |
| License | Free for non-commercial use[1] |
| Website | http://advsys.net/ken/build.htm |
The Build engine is a first-person shooter engine created by Ken Silverman for 3D Realms. Like the Doom engine, the Build engine represents its world on a two-dimensional grid using closed 2D shapes called sectors, and uses simple flat objects called sprites to populate the world geometry with objects. It is generally considered to be a 2.5D engine as the basic world geometry is two-dimensional, with an added height component, allowing each sector to have a different ceiling and floor height, and allowing them to be angled along one line of the sector. The engine renders the world in a way that looks three-dimensional; however, the sizing for perspective only depends on the horizontal distance. This is noticeable in that wall vertices are always straight vertical lines on screen, regardless of the angle of view. Therefore, with no vertical distance paramaters (only horizontal), this can cause small size distortion when looking up and down but generally it is barely noticeable. However, this distortion can be severe if the player is looking at a structure that is very tall. As an example, in Duke Nukem 3D's first level, "Hollywood Holocaust", the player can look up from the street but not see the top of the buildings as he should be able to. Instead as he looks higher, the building gets wider. As such, most Build games restrict objects vertical height to a fairly limited range (usually).
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Sectors could be manipulated in real-time; their shape, heights, and slope angles being completely variable, without requiring recalculation of rendering information. This allowed games to have destructible environments, such as those seen in Blood.
Developers of games based on the engine used reserved sprites, often called sector effectors, that when given special tags (numbers with defined meanings), would allow the level designer to make a dynamic world; similar tag information could be given to the sector walls and floor area to give a sector special characteristics. For example, a particular sector effector may let a player fall through the floor if he walked over it and teleport him to another sector; in practice, this could be used to create the effect of falling down a hole to a bigger room or creating a body of water that could be jumped into to explore underwater. A sector could be given a tag that made it behave like a simple elevator or lift.
Sectors could overlap one another provided they could not be seen at the same time (if two overlapping sectors were seen at the same time a corrupted display resulted). This allowed the designers to create, for instance, air ducts that appeared to extend across the top of another room (however doing so could be tricky for designers due to the 2D viewpoint used for much of the editing process). More interestingly, this allowed the designer to create worlds that would be physically impossible (e.g. a door way of a small building could lead into a network of rooms that was larger than the building itself). While all these things made the game appear to be 3D, it wouldn't be until later first-person shooters, like Quake, that the engine actually stored the world geometry as true 3D information.
Later versions of Ken's Build engine allowed game selected art tiles to be replaced by 3D objects made of voxels. This feature appeared too late to be used in Duke Nukem 3D but was seen in several of the later Build engine games. Blood uses voxels for weapon and ammo pickups, powerups, and occasionally eye-candy (such as the tombstones in the "Cradle to Grave" level, some chairs and a crystal ball in "Dark Carnival"). Shadow Warrior makes even more advanced use of the technology, with voxels that can be placed on walls (all of the game's switches and buttons are voxels) and even a rudimentary 3D enemy mode that can be toggled via the F5 key, and replaces all of the game's enemy sprites with voxels. This is extremely buggy, and seems to be little more than an unfinished test mode. It featured more prominently in the leaked Shadow Warrior beta.
For several years Ken worked on a modern engine based entirely on voxels, known as Voxlap.
Several Build engine games used a trick involving rendering multiple times to draw two sectors that were joined floor to ceiling. As building the sectors over top of each other was not really feasible due to limitations of the editor, the sectors could either be moved at map load time (which made calculations during the game simpler), or left where they were. The two best known games to use this trick were Shadow Warrior (which moved the sectors at map load time) and Blood (which did not). This was not a feature of the Build engine but rather a trick that was discovered by game developers.
A feature added to EDuke32 in 2011 is true room over room (TROR). This allows sectors to be placed on top of other sectors where both can be viewed at the same time, creating true three dimensional situations. The difference between ROR and TROR is that in TROR, the sectors are physically overlapping in the map editor (allowing for easy creation and visualization), rather than in separate locations and rendered to appear overlapping as in ROR. Hence true room over room. It should be noted that TROR is an engine feature of EDuke32, not a game feature or trick.
Though the Build engine achieved most of its fame as a result of powering the classic first person shooter Duke Nukem 3D, it was used for many other games. It is usually considered that the "Big Four" Build engine games are Duke Nukem 3D, Shadow Warrior, Blood and Redneck Rampage, though sometimes the latter is omitted.
On June 20, 2000 (according to his website) Ken Silverman released the Build engine source code.[2]
Version 2.0—the only official binary release of Matt Saettler's Eduke, a project to improve Duke Nukem 3D for modders—was sent to 3D Realms for packaging. Unfortunately, it was sent just after the release of the build source and hence Duke Nukem 3D was stuck with the build libraries that 3D Realms had used in the original Duke. (Both Duke Nukem 3D and EDuke were still closed-source at this point.)
With the 2.1 private betas, Saettler worked towards integrating Silverman's build source into the Duke source code, but the project fizzled out before producing anything more than some very buggy private betas. A few total conversion teams for Build games decided to work from Silverman's Build code directly, and an enhanced version of the Build editor known as mapster was also developed.
It was claimed at the time by many on the 3D Realms forums that it would be impossible to port Build to a multitasking OS, as it needed a large contiguous block of memory that wouldn't be available in a multitasking environment. This statement did not hold up to scrutiny, as all modern operating systems use virtual memory which allows apps to get contiguous logical memory without using contiguous physical memory, but conventional wisdom of the time was that porting Build to such an OS was unfeasible.
On April 1, 2003, after several years of claims to the contrary, 3D Realms released the source code to Duke Nukem 3D. Not long afterwards, both Ryan C. Gordon and Jonathon Fowler created and released ports. It was possible to play Duke Nukem 3D well on the NT line of Windows (including Windows 2000/XP) and on Linux and other Unix Operating Systems, and interest in the ports soared.
Ryan C. Gordon (icculus), with the help of others, made the first port of the engine using SDL. The port was first to Linux, then to Cygwin and finally to a native Windows build using the Watcom C++ compiler, which was the compiler used for the original DOS build. (Despite being compiled with Watcom C++, Build is plain C.) There was some talk of Matt Saettler using this to port Eduke to Windows, but nothing came of it.
A second port was made to Windows, and later to Linux, by Jonathon Fowler (JonoF). This port didn't have network game support until much later, and then only worked with two players.
The task of updating the Build engine to a true 3D renderer was taken on by Silverman himself. In the release notes for JFDuke3D, he wrote:
"When 3D Realms released the Duke Nukem 3D source code, I thought somebody would do a OpenGL or Direct3D port. Well, after a few months passed, I saw no sign of somebody working on a true hardware-accelerated port of Build, just people saying it wasn't possible. Eventually, I realized the only way this was going to happen was for me to do it myself."
The Polymost renderer allowed for 3D hardware-accelerated graphics using OpenGL. It also introduced "hightile," a feature that made it possible to replace the game's original textures with high-resolution replacements in a variety of formats.
Polymost has been utilized in Jonathon Fowler's JFBuild, JFDuke3D, JFSW, and ports derived from their codebases.
On April 1st 2009, an OpenGL shader model 3.0 renderer was revealed to have been developed for EDuke32, labeled as the Polymer renderer (to distinguish from Ken Silverman's Polymost). At first it was thought to be an April fools joke, but the renderer was later made public. It allows for much more modern effects such as real-time dynamic colored lighting and shadow mapping, specular and normal map support, and other shader based features in addition to most of the features added to Polymost over the years. Although Polymer is completely usable, it is technically incomplete and unoptimised, and is still in development. As of the 5th installment of the High Resolution Pack (released in 2011), the Polymer renderer is mandatory. The developers of EDuke32 have stated that once Polymer has been rewritten for speed, it will replace Polymost completely, as it is a superior renderer, and can be made to look identical to Polymost.
The source for Eduke 2.0 was released, but it took a while because some people had problems compiling the archived source. This was merged with the JonoF port of Duke Nukem 3D, and many features from 2.1.1 and various other Eduke branches were added by TerminX to make Eduke32. Another port based on the icculus code, Wineduke, has since died off, leaving Eduke32 the only Eduke port still in development.
Source for the last private beta of Eduke 2.1 (which never made it to a release version) was also released soon after the EDuke 2.0 source.
Recent releases of Eduke32 do also work with Nam and WW2 GI as the code to these games was included in the original Eduke. The Transfusion project aimed to re-create Blood in the DarkPlaces engine, but as of 2006, this project is far from complete, though it has complete deathmatch multiplayer.
The Shadow Warrior source was released on April 1, 2005, and JonoF released a port of it on April 2, 2005. However, he admitted that he had access to the Shadow Warrior source code about a week before its release.[3]
The source code of Witchaven, Witchaven II, Tekwar and Corridor 8 have also surfaced. The legal status of these, however, is unclear.
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